Table 5 pH-sensitive nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy
From: Nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy
Nanoparticle | Cancer type/cell line | Size (nm)/zeta potential (mV) | Highlights | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PEG/PEI/CAD nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | At a range of 100–250 nm/at a range of 10–20 mV | Delivery of doxorubicin and its release in a pH-sensitive manner Immunogenic cell death induction The acidity of the endosome induces cleavage of cis-aconityl Recruitment of dendritic cells | [512] |
Hollow silica nanostructures | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 100 nm/+11 mV | Increased retention in response to low pH level of TME Targeting mitochondria and increasing ROS levels Stimulation of photodynamic therapy Combination with checkpoint inhibitors mediates anti-tumor immunity | [513] |
Dextran-modified BLZ-945 nanocarriers | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 11.35, 112.4, and ∼135.6 nm | Presence of a borate ester bond as a pH-sensitive bond Immunogenic cell death induction Dendritic cell maturation, TAM depletion and T cell infiltration | [514] |
Manganese nanoparticles | Melanoma/B16-OVA cells | 130 nm | Mn2 + and 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) have been used to encapsulate ovalbumin with pH-sensitive features and the ability of dendritic cell maturation in cancer immunotherapy | [515] |
Mesoporous silica nanostructures | - | 146 nm | pH-sensitive feature and delivery of R848 Uptake of nanoparticles by antigen-presenting cells Stimulation of dendritic cells and boosting T cell-mediated immune responses | [516] |
Peptide-functionalized nanobubbles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 173.8 nm/-1.53 mV | Functionalization of nanobubbles with anti-PD-L1 peptide Loading Ce6, metformin and perfluorohexane in nanobubbles Accumulation of nanoparticles in acidic pH causes detachment of PEG ligands and then, exposure of peptide to suppress PD-L1 Hypoxia relief by metformin and increasing potential of Ce6 in cancer therapy Increasing anti-tumor immunity and prevention of immunosuppression | [517] |
Polymer-lipid complexes | Lymphoma/E.G7-OVA cells | - | The polymer-lipid-embedded liposomes release ovalbumin in response to pH and stimulate anti-cancer immunity by releasing ovalbumin in the cytoplasm of dendritic cells | [518] |
Polymer-modified liposomes | Lymphoma/E.G7-OVA cells | 100 nm/−15.7 mV and 1.3 mV at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5 | pH-responsive feature and cationic lipid inclusion Delivery of ovalbumin Increasing cytokine generation Antigen presentation through MHC-I and MHC-II | [519] |
Liposome | Lymphoma/E.G7-OVA cells | 136, 108 and 115 nm/-0.87, -11 and − 6.1 mV | Modification of liposomes with polymer Destabilization of liposomes in pH 6 Uptake of liposomes by dendritic cells Delivery of ovalbumin to cytosol Tumor growth suppression | [520] |
Polymer-modified liposomes | Lymphoma/E.G7-OVA cells | 97, 100, 88, 110, 108 and 109 nm/-18, -19, -11, -63, -65 and − 60 mV | Inclusion of cationic lipid and CpG-DNA Inducing dendritic cells to secrete cytokines Stimulation of antigen-specific immune responses pH-sensitive feature | [521] |
Biomimetic nanoparticles | Breast cancer/4T1 cells | 102.86 nm | Coating manganese nanoparticles with hybrid membranes Membrane is developed from mesenchymal stem cell membrane and pH-sensitive liposomes Targeted delivery of BPTES Inducing STNG pathway and M1 polarization of macrophages Relief of immunosuppression TME | [522] |
Polysaccharide-based polymers | Lymphoma/E.G7-OVA cells | 157 nm/-50 mV | Stimulation of dendritic cells Cytoplasmic delivery of antigen Th1 cytokine production by dendritic cells | [523] |
Liposomes | Melanoma/B16-OVA cells | 401, 754, 636 and 674 nm | pH-sensitive liposomes deliver STING and TLR9 agonist Increasing Th1 immune responses in tumor suppression | [524] |