Fig. 3

The impact of nanoparticles on macrophages, showcasing their potential to re-educate and impede cancer progression. These nanoparticles effectively target key mechanisms associated with the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. They inhibit CD44/SIRPα, CS1R, and MAPK, prompting the M1 polarization of macrophages. Additionally, nanocarriers activate the TLR4/MyD88 axis, contributing to increased M1 polarization of the tumor-associated macrophages. The nanoparticles further induce ferroptosis and photodynamic therapy, disrupting the polarization of these macrophages into the M2 phenotype (Created by Biorender.com)