Fig. 4

Exosomal ncRNAs as cancer therapeutics and physiological miRNA-mediated gene silencing. A Exosomal siRNAs inhibit the translation of oncogenic proteins by mRNA cleavage; B exosomal anti-miRNAs enable the translation of tumor-suppressive proteins by inhibiting the interaction of mRNA and RISC through (1) binding the untranslated region of mRNA or 2) directly binding the RISC; C exosomal miRNA-mimics inhibit the translation of oncogenic proteins through mRNA cleavage or translational repression. D Physiological miRNA-mediated gene silencing. DGCR8 DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8, pre-miRNA precursor microRNA, pri-miRNA primary microRNA, RISC RNA-induced silencing complex, TRBP transactivation response element RNA-binding protein, XPO5 exportin 5