Table 2 MDSCs in multiple myeloma
From: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hematological malignancies: friends or foes
Disease cases (n) | MDSC subgroups/phenotype definition | Clinical finding | Mechanism/intervention | Year/reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MM, n = 15 | G-MDSCs CD11b + CD14-CD33 + CD15+ | PB and BM Higher MDSCs vs. healthy donor | S100A9 knockout reduced MDSC accumulation in BM after injection of MM cells | 2013 [41] |
MM, n = 93 | M-MDSCs CD14+HLA-DRlow/− | Higher MDSCs diagnosis vs. healthy donor Higher MDSCs in relapsed MM Decreased M-MDSCs after treatment indicated good response | MM cells were able to induce the accumulation of M-MDSCs in vitro, MDSCs induced Treg | 2014 [44] |
MM, n = 17 | G-MDSCs CD11b + CD14-CD33 + CD15 + HLA-DRlow | Higher MDSCs vs. healthy donor associated with the activity of disease in MM | MM cells induced the development of MDSCs from healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 2013 [45] |
MM, n = 6 | G-MDSCs CD11b + CD14-CD33 + CD15 + HLA-DRlow | Higher MDSCs in progressive MM vs. healthy donor | MM MDSCs induced the generation of Treg G-CSF increased G-MDSCs | 2014 [46] |
MM, n = 45 | G-MDSCs CD11b + CD14-CD33 + CD15 + HLA-DRlow | MGUS and MM were able to generate the same amount of MDSC, only MM-MSC-educated G-MDSC exhibited suppressive ability | MM G-MDSCs upregulated immune-suppressive factors as ARG1 and TNFalpha, expressed higher levels of PROK2, showed ability to digest bone matrix. | 2016 [47] |
MM, n = 72 | G-MDSCs HLA-DR−/low/CD33+/ CD11b+/CD15+/CD14− | Higher frequencies of G-MDSCs in both the PB and BM from MM patients, significantly correlated with disease burden by ISS stage. | G-MDSCs enhanced the side population, sphere formation, and expression of cancer stem cell core genes in MM cells. Silencing of piRNA-823 in MM cells reduced the stemness of multiple myeloma stem cells maintained by G-MDSCs | 2019 [48] |