Fig. 1From: Universal CARs, universal T cells, and universal CAR T cellsStructures of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). First generation of CARs contains the single chain variable region (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody, T cell receptor transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain of CD3 zeta chain. The second generation of CARs contains a single co-stimulatory domain (CD28 or 4-1BB), whereas the third generation of CARs may have two or more co-stimulatory domains (CD27, CD28, 4-1BB or OX40). The fourth generation CARs contain a controllable on-off switch or a molecule (additional element) to enhance T cell function, enrichment, and minimize senescenceBack to article page