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Fig. 3 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology

Fig. 3

From: Immune cell subset differentiation and tissue inflammation

Fig. 3

Myeloid genesis and subset differentiation. a Differentiation of dendritic cells (DC). Monocyte-dendritic progenitors (MDP) are the direct precursors to common dendritic cell progenitors (CDP) and monocytes (MC), which both give rise to DC lineages. In bone marrow (BM), CDP become precursor DC (pre-DC) and differentiate into immature plasmocytoid DC (pDC) and mature pDCs, and then exit the BM traveling through the blood to secondary lymphoid organs and non-hematopoietic tissues. In the lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues, pre-DC become CD103+ classical/conventional DC (cDC) through transitional pre-cDC stage and CD11b+ cDC directly. In cultured system, MC differentiate into immature monocyte-derived DC (mDC) in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Terminal differentiated mDC are induced upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). b Differentiation of monocytes (MC)/macrophages (MØ) in human. In the steady state, human classical MC can differentiate into intermediate MC, then patrolling non-classical MC. Classical MC have a high antimicrobial capability due to their potent capacity of phagocytosis. Intermediate MC secrete inflammatory cytokines and have inflammatory properties, whereas non-classical MC mainly patrol along endothelium. During inflammation, all the MC subsets are tethered and penetrate vessel wall and then mature into anti-inflammatory MØ (M2a, M2b, M2c, and Mhem) and inflammatory MØ (M1 and M4) in tissue. Classical, intermediate and non-classical MC can be further divided into CD40+ and CD40- MC subsets. CD40+ classical/intermediate MC are induced in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and further elevated with the progress of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dashed arrows indicate potential differentiation pathways, while solid arrows indicate experimentally verified differentiation pathways

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