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Fig. 1 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology

Fig. 1

From: Recent developments in immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia

Fig. 1

Mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy. Different immunotherapeutic concepts are discussed in the context of AML in this review. a Conventional antibodies directed at AML surface antigens mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity as well as complement-mediated cytotoxicity. b Antibody-drug conjugates consist of monoclonal antibodies conjugated to various toxins, which are released upon internalization and induce cell death through mechanisms like DNA double-strand break and cell cycle arrest. c T cell-recruiting antibody constructs are composed of single-chain variable fragments of two antibodies of different specificity connected by a short peptide linker. Their purpose is to bring malignant cells and T cells in close proximity through simultaneous binding of a tumor-associated antigen and CD3ε in the T cell receptor complex. d Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically engineered cell membrane-bound receptors combining extracellular antibody binding and intracellular effector cell signaling. Their structure enables both MHC-independent antigen binding and highly potent cytotoxic effector cell function. Compared to the first generation of CARs, the introduction of various costimulatory domains in later-generation CAR constructs greatly improved their anti-tumor effector function. e Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies binding to inhibitory receptors on T cells or their ligands on antigen-presenting cells or cancer cells, thus boosting the effects of pre-existing T cell responses. f Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells. Vaccination strategies using in vitro-generated dendritic cells have the purpose to prime new or enhance pre-existing antigen-specific immune responses

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