An evolving new paradigm: endothelial cells – conditional innate immune cells

Table 1 List of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as growth factors produced by endothelial cells in response to various stimuli

Cytokines	Stimuli	Endothelial cells	References
IL-1α	TNF-α	HCAEC	[69]
	TNF-α, IL-1β, LPS, TCC, LPS, hypoxia	HUVEC	[31, 69–72]
	Trypanosoma cruzi infection	HUVEC	[73]
	TNF-α	HPAEC	[69]
	TNF-α, TCC	HIMEC	[70]
	Basal	MBEC	[74]
IL-1β	TCC, LPS, hypoxia,	HUVEC	[31, 70, 72]
	Trypanosoma cruzi infection	HUVEC	[73]
	IL-1β, TCC	HIMEC	[70]
	Shear stress	BAEC	[75]
	LPS	HCAEC	[76]
IL-3	Basal	HUVEC, HIMEC	[70]
IL-5	Basal	HCAEC, HUVEC, HPAEC	[69]
IL-6	TNF-α, LPS	HCAEC	[69, 76]
	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ, TCC, hypoxia	HUVEC	[69, 70, 72]
	Trypanosoma cruzi infection	HUVEC	[73]
	IL-4 + IL-1β	HUVEC	[77]
	Histamine	HUVEC	[78]
	LPS	HUVEC	[79]
	IL-4 or IFN-γ + TNF-α or IL-1β	HUAEC	[80]
	TNF-α + IL-4, TNF-α + IFN-γ	HSVEC	[80]
	TNF-α	HPAEC	[69]
	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ, TCC	HIMEC	[70]
	Shear stress	BAEC	[75]
	Basal, LPS	MBEC	[74]
IL-8	TNF-α, LPS	HCAEC	[69, 76]
	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ, TCC	HUVEC	[69, 70, 81]
	TNF-α	HPAEC	[69]
	TNF-α, IL-1β,TCC	HIMEC	[70]
	Oral viridian streptococci	HSVEC	[82]
IL-10	Basal	MBEC	[74]
IL-11	Basal, PMA	HUVEC	[70, 83]
	Basal	HIMEC	[70]
	Basal, PMA	HAEC	[83]
G-CSF	MM-LDL	HAEC, RAEC	[84]
GM-CSF	TNF-α	HCAEC, HPAEC	[69]
	TNF-α, IL-1β, TNF-α + IL-4	HUVEC	[69, 70, 80]
	TNF-α + IL-4	HUAEC, HSVEC	[80]
	TNF-α, IL-1β	HIMEC	[70]
	MM-LDL	HAEC, RAEC	[84]
	Basal, LPS	MBEC	[74]
MCP-1	IL-4+ IL-1β, IL-4 + LPS	HUVEC	[77]
(CCL2)	LPC	HUVEC	[85]
(CCL2)	LPS	HCAEC	[76]
M-CSF	MM-LDL	HAEC, RAEC	[84]
M-CSF	Trypanosoma cruzi infection	HUVEC	[73]
RANTES	TNF-α + IFN-γ	HUVEC	[86]
(CCL5)	TNF-α + IFN-γ, IL-1β	HMMEC	[87]
TGF-β	TNF-α, IL-1β	HUVEC, HIMEC	[70]
TNF-α	TNF-α, IL-1β	HUVEC, HIMEC	[70]
TNF-α	Basal	MBEC	[74]
	LPS	HCAEC	[76]

Cytokine/chemokine induction either on mRNA or protein level.
Basal: basal expression without stimulus; Human coronary artery endothelial cell: HCAEC; Human umbilical vein endothelial cell: HUVEC; Human pulmonary artery endothelial cell: HPAEC; human intestinal microvascular endothelial cell: HIMEC; Gulten reactive T cell clones supernatant: TCC; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate: PMA; Human saphenous vein endothelial cell: HSVEC; Human aortic endothelial cell: HAEC; Rabbit aortic endothelial cell: RAEC; Minimally modified low density lipoprotein: MM-LDL; Bovine aortic endothelial cell: BAEC; Lysophosphatidylcholine: LPC; Human mucosal microvascular endothelial cell:HMMEC; Mouse brain endothelial cell: MBEC.

ISSN: 1756-8722